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 LES MISÃRABLES

      VOLUME I.âFANTINE.

      PREFACE

      So long as there shall exist, by virtue of law and custom, decrees of
      damnation pronounced by society, artificially creating hells amid the
      civilization of earth, and adding the element of human fate to divine
      destiny; so long as the three great problems of the centuryâthe
      degradation of man through pauperism, the corruption of woman through
      hunger, the crippling of children through lack of lightâare unsolved;
  so
      long as social asphyxia is possible in any part of the world;âin
 other
      words, and with a still wider significance, so long as ignorance and
      poverty exist on earth, books of the nature of Les MisÃrables cannot
  fail
      to be of use.

      HAUTEVILLE HOUSE, 1862.

      FANTINE

      BOOK FIRSTâA JUST MAN

      CHAPTER IâM. MYRIEL

      In 1815, M. Charles-Francois-Bienvenu Myriel was Bishop of Dââ He was
  an
      old man of about seventy-five years of age; he had occupied the see
 of
  Dââ
      since 1806.

      Although this detail has no connection whatever with the real
  substance of
      what we are about to relate, it will not be superfluous, if merely
 for
  the
      sake of exactness in all points, to mention here the various rumors
  and
      remarks which had been in circulation about him from the very moment
  when
      he arrived in the diocese. True or false, that which is said of men
  often
      occupies as important a place in their lives, and above all in their
      destinies, as that which they do. M. Myriel was the son of a
  councillor of
      the Parliament of Aix; hence he belonged to the nobility of the bar.
  It
      was said that his father, destining him to be the heir of his own
  post,
      had married him at a very early age, eighteen or twenty, in
 accordance
      with a custom which is rather widely prevalent in parliamentary
  families.
      In spite of this marriage, however, it was said that Charles Myriel
      created a great deal of talk. He was well formed, though rather short
  in
      stature, elegant, graceful, intelligent; the whole of the first
  portion of
      his life had been devoted to the world and to gallantry.

      The Revolution came; events succeeded each other with precipitation;
  the
      parliamentary families, decimated, pursued, hunted down, were
  dispersed.

      Charles Myriel emigrated to Italy at the very beginning of the
  Revolution. There his wife died of a malady of the chest, from which she
  had long suffered. He had no children. What took place next in the fate
 of
      Myriel? The ruin of the French society of the olden days, the fall of
  his own family, the tragic spectacles of '93, which were, perhaps, even
  more alarming to the emigrants who viewed them from a distance, with the
  magnifying powers of terror,âdid these cause the ideas of renunciation
 and
  solitude to germinate in him? Was he, in the midst of these distractions,
  these affections which absorbed his life, suddenly smitten with one of
  those mysterious and terrible blows which sometimes overwhelm, by
 striking
  to his heart, a man whom public catastrophes would not shake, by striking
  at his existence and his fortune? No one could have told: all that was
  known was, that when he returned from Italy he was a priest.

      In 1804, M. Myriel was the Curà of Bââ [Brignolles]. He was already
      advanced in years, and lived in a very retired manner.

      About the epoch of the coronation, some petty affair connected with
  his
      curacyâjust what, is not precisely knownâtook him to Paris. Among
  other
      powerful persons to whom he went to solicit aid for his parishioners
  was

      le Cardinal Fesch. One day, when the Emperor had come to visit his
  uncle, the worthy CurÃ, who was waiting in the anteroom, found himself
  present when His Majesty passed. Napoleon, on finding himself observed
  with a certain curiosity by this old man, turned round and said
 abruptly:â

      "Who is this good man who is staring at me?"

      "Sire," said M. Myriel, "you are looking at a good man, and I at a
  great
      man. Each of us can profit by it."

      That very evening, the Emperor asked the Cardinal the name of the
  CurÃ,
      and some time afterwards M. Myriel was utterly astonished to learn
  that he
      had been appointed Bishop of Dââ

      What truth was there, after all, in the stories which were invented
 as
  to
      the early portion of M. Myriel's life? No one knew. Very few families
  had
      been acquainted with the Myriel family before the Revolution.

      Myriel had to undergo the fate of every newcomer in a little town,
  where there are many mouths which talk, and very few heads which think.
 He
  was obliged to undergo it although he was a bishop, and because he was a
  bishop. But after all, the rumors with which his name was connected were
  rumors only,ânoise, sayings, words; less than wordsâpalabres, as the
  energetic language of the South expresses it.

      However that may be, after nine years of episcopal power and of
  residence
      in Dââ, all the stories and subjects of conversation which engross
  petty
      towns and petty people at the outset had fallen into profound
  oblivion. No
      one would have dared to mention them; no one would have dared to
  recall
      them.

      Myriel had arrived at Dââ accompanied by an elderly spinster,
  Mademoiselle Baptistine, who was his sister, and ten years his junior.

      Their only domestic was a female servant of the same age as
  Mademoiselle
      Baptistine, and named Madame Magloire, who, after having been the
  servant
      of M. le CurÃ, now assumed the double title of maid to Mademoiselle
  and
      housekeeper to Monseigneur.

      Mademoiselle Baptistine was a long, pale, thin, gentle creature; she
      realized the ideal expressed by the word "respectable"; for it seems
  that
      a woman must needs be a mother in order to be venerable. She had
 never
      been pretty; her whole life, which had been nothing but a succession
  of
      holy deeds, had finally conferred upon her a sort of pallor and
      transparency; and as she advanced in years she had acquired what may
  be
      called the beauty of goodness. What had been leanness in her youth
 had
      become transparency in her maturity; and this diaphaneity allowed the
      angel to be seen. She was a soul rather than a virgin. Her person
  seemed
      made of a shadow; there was hardly sufficient body to provide for
 sex;
  a
      little matter enclosing a light; large eyes forever drooping;âa mere
      pretext for a soul's remaining on the earth.

      Madame Magloire was a little, fat, white old woman, corpulent and
      bustling; always out of breath,âin the first place, because of her
      activity, and in the next, because of her asthma.

      On his arrival, M. Myriel was installed in the episcopal palace with
  the
      honors required by the Imperial decrees, which class a bishop
  immediately
      after a major-general. The mayor and the president paid the first
 call
  on
      him, and he, in turn, paid the first call on the general and the
  prefect.

      The installation over, the town waited to see its bishop at work.

      CHAPTER IIâM. MYRIEL BECOMES M. WELCOME

      The episcopal palace of Dââ adjoins the hospital.

      The episcopal palace was a huge and beautiful house, built of stone
 at
  the
      beginning of the last century by M. Henri Puget, Doctor of Theology
 of
  the
      Faculty of Paris, Abbà of Simore, who had been Bishop of Dââ in 1712.
  This
      palace was a genuine seignorial residence. Everything about it had a
  grand
      air,âthe apartments of the Bishop, the drawing-rooms, the chambers,
  the
      principal courtyard, which was very large, with walks encircling it
  under
      arcades in the old Florentine fashion, and gardens planted with
      magnificent trees. In the dining-room, a long and superb gallery
 which
  was
      situated on the ground-floor and opened on the gardens, M. Henri
 Puget
  had
      entertained in state, on July 29, 1714, My Lords Charles Brulart de
      Genlis, archbishop; Prince d'Embrun; Antoine de Mesgrigny, the
  capuchin,
      Bishop of Grasse; Philippe de Vendome, Grand Prior of France, Abbà of
      Saint Honore de Lerins; Francois de Berton de Crillon, bishop, Baron
  de
      Vence; Cesar de Sabran de Forcalquier, bishop, Seignor of Glandeve;
  and
      Jean Soanen, Priest of the Oratory, preacher in ordinary to the king,
      bishop, Seignor of Senez. The portraits of these seven reverend
  personages
      decorated this apartment; and this memorable date, the 29th of July,
  1714,
      was there engraved in letters of gold on a table of white marble.

      The hospital was a low and narrow building of a single story, with a
  small
      garden.

      Three days after his arrival, the Bishop visited the hospital. The
  visit
      ended, he had the director requested to be so good as to come to his
      house.

      "Monsieur the director of the hospital," said he to him, "how many
  sick
      people have you at the present moment?"

      "Twenty-six, Monseigneur."

      "That was the number which I counted," said the Bishop.

      "The beds," pursued the director, "are very much crowded against each
      other."

      "That is what I observed."

      "The halls are nothing but rooms, and it is with difficulty that the
  air
      can be changed in them."

      "So it seems to me."

      "And then, when there is a ray of sun, the garden is very small for
  the
      convalescents."

      "That was what I said to myself."

      "In case of epidemics,âwe have had the typhus fever this year; we had
  the
      sweating sickness two years ago, and a hundred patients at times,âwe
  know
      not what to do."

      "That is the thought which occurred to me."

      "What would you have, Monseigneur?" said the director. "One must
  resign
      one's self."

      This conversation took place in the gallery dining-room on the
 ground-
      floor.

      The Bishop remained silent for a moment; then he turned abruptly to
  the
      director of the hospital.

      "Monsieur," said he, "how many beds do you think this hall alone
 would
      hold?"

      "Monseigneur's dining-room?" exclaimed the stupefied director.

      The Bishop cast a glance round the apartment, and seemed to be taking
      measures and calculations with his eyes.

      "It would hold full twenty beds," said he, as though speaking to
  himself.
      Then, raising his voice:â

      "Hold, Monsieur the director of the hospital, I will tell you
  something.
      There is evidently a mistake here. There are thirty-six of you, in
  five or
      six small rooms. There are three of us here, and we have room for
  sixty.
      There is some mistake, I tell you; you have my house, and I have
  yours.
      Give me back my house; you are at home here."

      On the following day the thirty-six patients were installed in the
      Bishop's palace, and the Bishop was settled in the hospital.

      Myriel had no property, his family having been ruined by the
  Revolution. His sister was in receipt of a yearly income of five hundred
  francs, which sufficed for her personal wants at the vicarage. M. Myriel
  received from the State, in his quality of bishop, a salary of fifteen
  thousand francs. On the very day when he took up his abode in the
  hospital, M. Myriel settled on the disposition of this sum once for all,
  in the following manner. We transcribe here a note made by his own hand:â

      NOTE ON THE REGULATION OF MY HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES.

          For the little seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 livres
          Society of the mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 "
          For the Lazarists of Montdidier . . . . . . . . . . 100 "
          Seminary for foreign missions in Paris . . . . . . 200 "
          Congregation of the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . . 150 "
          Religious establishments of the Holy Land . . . . . 100 "
          Charitable maternity societies . . . . . . . . . . 300 "
          Extra, for that of Arles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 "
          Work for the amelioration of prisons . . . . . . . 400 "
          Work for the relief and delivery of prisoners . . . 500 "
          To liberate fathers of families incarcerated for debt 1,000 "
          Addition to the salary of the poor teachers of the

              diocese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 "

          Public granary of the Hautes-Alpes . . . . . . . . 100 "
          Congregation of the ladies of Dââ, of Manosque, and of

              Sisteron, for the gratuitous instruction of poor
              girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 "

          For the poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 "
          My personal expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 "

                  âââ

              Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 "

      Myriel made no change in this arrangement during the entire period
  that he occupied the see of Dââ As has been seen, he called it regulating
  his household expenses.

      This arrangement was accepted with absolute submission by
 Mademoiselle
      Baptistine. This holy woman regarded Monseigneur of Dââ as at one and
  the
      same time her brother and her bishop, her friend according to the
  flesh
      and her superior according to the Church. She simply loved and
  venerated
      him. When he spoke, she bowed; when he acted, she yielded her
  adherence.
      Their only servant, Madame Magloire, grumbled a little. It will be
      observed that Monsieur the Bishop had reserved for himself only one
      thousand livres, which, added to the pension of Mademoiselle
  Baptistine,
      made fifteen hundred francs a year. On these fifteen hundred francs
  these
      two old women and the old man subsisted.

      And when a village curate came to Dââ, the Bishop still found means
 to
      entertain him, thanks to the severe economy of Madame Magloire, and
 to
  the
      intelligent administration of Mademoiselle Baptistine.

      One day, after he had been in Dââ about three months, the Bishop
  said:â

      "And still I am quite cramped with it all!"

      "I should think so!" exclaimed Madame Magloire. "Monseigneur has not
  even
      claimed the allowance which the department owes him for the expense
 of
  his
      carriage in town, and for his journeys about the diocese. It was
  customary
      for bishops in former days."

      "Hold!" cried the Bishop, "you are quite right, Madame Magloire."

      And he made his demand.

      Some time afterwards the General Council took this demand under
      consideration, and voted him an annual sum of three thousand francs,
  under
      this heading: Allowance to M. the Bishop for expenses of carriage,
      expenses of posting, and expenses of pastoral visits.

      This provoked a great outcry among the local burgesses; and a senator
  of
      the Empire, a former member of the Council of the Five Hundred which
      favored the 18 Brumaire, and who was provided with a magnificent
      senatorial office in the vicinity of the town of Dââ, wrote to M.
  Bigot de
      Preameneu, the minister of public worship, a very angry and
  confidential
      note on the subject, from which we extract these authentic lines:â

      "Expenses of carriage? What can be done with it in a town of less
 than
      four thousand inhabitants? Expenses of journeys? What is the use of
  these
      trips, in the first place? Next, how can the posting be accomplished
  in
      these mountainous parts? There are no roads. No one travels otherwise
  than
      on horseback. Even the bridge between Durance and Chateau-Arnoux can
      barely support ox-teams. These priests are all thus, greedy and
      avaricious. This man played the good priest when he first came. Now
 he
      does like the rest; he must have a carriage and a posting-chaise, he
  must
      have luxuries, like the bishops of the olden days. Oh, all this
      priesthood! Things will not go well, M. le Comte, until the Emperor
  has
      freed us from these black-capped rascals. Down with the Pope!
 [Matters
      were getting embroiled with Rome.] For my part, I am for Caesar
  alone."
      Etc., etc.

      On the other hand, this affair afforded great delight to Madame
  Magloire.
      "Good," said she to Mademoiselle Baptistine; "Monseigneur began with
  other
      people, but he has had to wind up with himself, after all. He has
      regulated all his charities. Now here are three thousand francs for
  us! At
      last!"

      That same evening the Bishop wrote out and handed to his sister a
      memorandum conceived in the following terms:â

      EXPENSES OF CARRIAGE AND CIRCUIT.

          For furnishing meat soup to the patients in the hospital. 1,500
  livres
          For the maternity charitable society of Aix . . . . . . . 250 "
          For the maternity charitable society of Draguignan . . . 250 "
          For foundlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 "
          For orphans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 "

              ââ-

          Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 "

      Such was M. Myriel's budget.

      As for the chance episcopal perquisites, the fees for marriage bans,
      dispensations, private baptisms, sermons, benedictions, of churches
 or
      chapels, marriages, etc., the Bishop levied them on the wealthy with
  all
      the more asperity, since he bestowed them on the needy.

      After a time, offerings of money flowed in. Those who had and those
  who
      lacked knocked at M. Myriel's door,âthe latter in search of the alms
  which
      the former came to deposit. In less than a year the Bishop had become
  the
      treasurer of all benevolence and the cashier of all those in
 distress.
      Considerable sums of money passed through his hands, but nothing
 could
      induce him to make any change whatever in his mode of life, or add
      anything superfluous to his bare necessities.

      Far from it. As there is always more wretchedness below than there is
      brotherhood above, all was given away, so to speak, before it was
      received. It was like water on dry soil; no matter how much money he
      received, he never had any. Then he stripped himself.

      The usage being that bishops shall announce their baptismal names at
  the
      head of their charges and their pastoral letters, the poor people of
  the
      country-side had selected, with a sort of affectionate instinct,
 among
  the
      names and prenomens of their bishop, that which had a meaning for
  them;
      and they never called him anything except Monseigneur Bienvenu
  [Welcome].
      We will follow their example, and will also call him thus when we
 have
      occasion to name him. Moreover, this appellation pleased him.

      "I like that name," said he. "Bienvenu makes up for the Monseigneur."

      We do not claim that the portrait herewith presented is probable; we
      confine ourselves to stating that it resembles the original.

      CHAPTER IIIâA HARD BISHOPRIC FOR A GOOD BISHOP

      The Bishop did not omit his pastoral visits because he had converted
  his
      carriage into alms. The diocese of Dââ is a fatiguing one. There are
  very
      few plains and a great many mountains; hardly any roads, as we have
  just
      seen; thirty-two curacies, forty-one vicarships, and two hundred and
      eighty-five auxiliary chapels. To visit all these is quite a task.

      The Bishop managed to do it. He went on foot when it was in the
      neighborhood, in a tilted spring-cart when it was on the plain, and
 on
  a
      donkey in the mountains. The two old women accompanied him. When the
  trip
      was too hard for them, he went alone.

      One day he arrived at Senez, which is an ancient episcopal city. He
  was
      mounted on an ass. His purse, which was very dry at that moment, did
  not
      permit him any other equipage. The mayor of the town came to receive
  him
      at the gate of the town, and watched him dismount from his ass, with
      scandalized eyes. Some of the citizens were laughing around him.
  "Monsieur
      the Mayor," said the Bishop, "and Messieurs Citizens, I perceive that
  I
      shock you. You think it very arrogant in a poor priest to ride an
  animal
      which was used by Jesus Christ. I have done so from necessity, I
  assure
      you, and not from vanity."

      In the course of these trips he was kind and indulgent, and talked
  rather
      than preached. He never went far in search of his arguments and his
      examples. He quoted to the inhabitants of one district the example of
  a
      neighboring district. In the cantons where they were harsh to the
  poor, he
      said: "Look at the people of Briancon! They have conferred on the
  poor, on
      widows and orphans, the right to have their meadows mown three days
 in
      advance of every one else. They rebuild their houses for them
  gratuitously
      when they are ruined. Therefore it is a country which is blessed by
  God.
      For a whole century, there has not been a single murderer among
 them."

      In villages which were greedy for profit and harvest, he said: "Look
  at
      the people of Embrun! If, at the harvest season, the father of a
  family
      has his son away on service in the army, and his daughters at service
  in
      the town, and if he is ill and incapacitated, the cure recommends him
  to
      the prayers of the congregation; and on Sunday, after the mass, all
  the
      inhabitants of the villageâmen, women, and childrenâgo to the poor
  man's
      field and do his harvesting for him, and carry his straw and his
 grain
  to
      his granary." To families divided by questions of money and
  inheritance he
      said: "Look at the mountaineers of Devolny, a country so wild that
 the
      nightingale is not heard there once in fifty years. Well, when the
  father
      of a family dies, the boys go off to seek their fortunes, leaving the
      property to the girls, so that they may find husbands." To the
 cantons
      which had a taste for lawsuits, and where the farmers ruined
  themselves in
      stamped paper, he said: "Look at those good peasants in the valley of
      Queyras! There are three thousand souls of them. Mon Dieu! it is like
  a
      little republic. Neither judge nor bailiff is known there. The mayor
  does
      everything. He allots the imposts, taxes each person conscientiously,
      judges quarrels for nothing, divides inheritances without charge,
      pronounces sentences gratuitously; and he is obeyed, because he is a
  just
      man among simple men." To villages where he found no schoolmaster, he
      quoted once more the people of Queyras: "Do you know how they
 manage?"
  he
      said. "Since a little country of a dozen or fifteen hearths cannot
  always
      support a teacher, they have school-masters who are paid by the whole
      valley, who make the round of the villages, spending a week in this
  one,
      ten days in that, and instruct them. These teachers go to the fairs.
 I
      have seen them there. They are to be recognized by the quill pens
  which
      they wear in the cord of their hat. Those who teach reading only have
  one
      pen; those who teach reading and reckoning have two pens; those who
  teach
      reading, reckoning, and Latin have three pens. But what a disgrace to
  be
      ignorant! Do like the people of Queyras!"

      Thus he discoursed gravely and paternally; in default of examples, he
      invented parables, going directly to the point, with few phrases and
  many
      images, which characteristic formed the real eloquence of Jesus
  Christ.
      And being convinced himself, he was persuasive.

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